RankMatrix
Civil Engineering at Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat
Bachelor of Technology · 4-year programme · JoSAA counselling
NIT
Gujarat
5 years of data
Latest closing rank: 37,819
Last updated JoSAA 2026 · By Divyansh Agarwal
Summary
In JoSAA 2026, Round 1, Civil Engineering at Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat had an opening rank of 32,465 and a closing rank of 37,819for the Open category under the Gender-Neutral seat pool. The tables below show the full round-wise, category-wise breakdown across the last few JoSAA cycles, followed by the latest year's seat matrix.
Opening and closing ranks by year
JoSAA 2026
| Round | Quota | Category | Seat pool | Opening rank | Closing rank |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | HS | General | Female-only | 51,950 | 61,001 |
| 1 | OS | General | Female-only | 44,896 | 49,180 |
| 1 | HS | General | Gender-Neutral | 28,563 | 42,898 |
| 1 | OS | General | Gender-Neutral | 32,465 | 37,819 |
| 1 | HS | General PwD | Gender-Neutral | 1,432 | 1,432 |
| 1 | OS | General PwD | Gender-Neutral | 1,220 | 1,220 |
| 1 | HS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 10,354 | 10,354 |
| 1 | OS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 7,987 | 7,987 |
| 1 | HS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 6,370 | 6,566 |
| 1 | OS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 5,466 | 5,580 |
| 1 | OS | GEN-EWS(PwD) | Gender-Neutral | 213 | 213 |
| 1 | HS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 25,703 | 34,999 |
| 1 | OS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 16,813 | 18,015 |
| 1 | HS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 13,140 | 24,055 |
| 1 | OS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 10,992 | 11,886 |
| 1 | HS | OBC-NCL(PwD) | Gender-Neutral | 836 | 836 |
| 1 | OS | OBC-NCL(PwD) | Gender-Neutral | 673 | 673 |
| 1 | HS | SC | Female-only | 6,183 | 12,107 |
| 1 | OS | SC | Female-only | 6,635 | 8,450 |
| 1 | HS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 4,010 | 10,535 |
| 1 | OS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 5,397 | 5,723 |
| 1 | HS | ST | Female-only | 1,730 | 1,730 |
| 1 | OS | ST | Female-only | 1,284 | 1,284 |
| 1 | HS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 2,281 | 2,704 |
| 1 | OS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 1,363 | 1,510 |
| 1 | HS | ST PwD | Gender-Neutral | 24 | 24 |
JoSAA 2025
| Round | Quota | Category | Seat pool | Opening rank | Closing rank |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 | HS | General | Female-only | 33,022 | 66,993 |
| 6 | OS | General | Female-only | 49,477 | 53,663 |
| 6 | HS | General | Gender-Neutral | 18,532 | 50,289 |
| 6 | OS | General | Gender-Neutral | 35,918 | 41,558 |
| 6 | OS | General PwD | Gender-Neutral | 1,577 | 1,577 |
| 6 | HS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 11,282 | 11,282 |
| 6 | OS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 7,917 | 7,917 |
| 6 | HS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 7,176 | 8,488 |
| 6 | OS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 5,827 | 6,100 |
| 6 | HS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 36,295 | 38,485 |
| 6 | OS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 19,374 | 21,462 |
| 6 | HS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 18,630 | 26,312 |
| 6 | OS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 11,903 | 12,715 |
| 6 | OS | OBC-NCL(PwD) | Gender-Neutral | 740 | 740 |
| 6 | HS | SC | Female-only | 10,161 | 10,396 |
| 6 | OS | SC | Female-only | 8,091 | 8,380 |
| 6 | HS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 5,536 | 12,516 |
| 6 | OS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 5,726 | 6,599 |
| 6 | HS | ST | Female-only | 2,767 | 2,767 |
| 6 | OS | ST | Female-only | 2,354 | 2,354 |
| 6 | HS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 1,554 | 2,568 |
| 6 | OS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 1,436 | 1,527 |
| 5 | HS | General | Female-only | 33,022 | 62,640 |
| 5 | OS | General | Female-only | 49,477 | 53,180 |
| 5 | HS | General | Gender-Neutral | 18,532 | 46,400 |
| 5 | OS | General | Gender-Neutral | 35,918 | 39,725 |
| 5 | OS | General PwD | Gender-Neutral | 1,577 | 1,577 |
| 5 | HS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 11,151 | 11,151 |
| 5 | OS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 7,917 | 7,917 |
| 5 | HS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 7,041 | 7,862 |
| 5 | OS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 5,628 | 5,880 |
| 5 | HS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 20,438 | 38,063 |
| 5 | OS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 19,374 | 20,032 |
| 5 | HS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 18,630 | 25,683 |
| 5 | OS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 11,428 | 12,146 |
| 5 | OS | OBC-NCL(PwD) | Gender-Neutral | 740 | 740 |
| 5 | HS | SC | Female-only | 10,161 | 10,396 |
| 5 | OS | SC | Female-only | 8,091 | 8,380 |
| 5 | HS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 5,536 | 12,516 |
| 5 | OS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 5,726 | 6,548 |
| 5 | HS | ST | Female-only | 2,767 | 2,767 |
| 5 | OS | ST | Female-only | 2,354 | 2,354 |
| 5 | HS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 1,554 | 2,568 |
| 5 | OS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 1,436 | 1,527 |
| 4 | HS | General | Female-only | 33,022 | 59,633 |
| 4 | OS | General | Female-only | 48,097 | 52,562 |
| 4 | HS | General | Gender-Neutral | 18,532 | 46,400 |
| 4 | OS | General | Gender-Neutral | 35,016 | 39,717 |
| 4 | OS | General PwD | Gender-Neutral | 1,577 | 1,577 |
| 4 | HS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 10,845 | 10,845 |
| 4 | OS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 7,917 | 7,917 |
| 4 | HS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 7,041 | 7,862 |
| 4 | OS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 5,628 | 5,880 |
| 4 | HS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 20,438 | 38,063 |
| 4 | OS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 19,374 | 20,032 |
| 4 | HS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 18,630 | 25,683 |
| 4 | OS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 11,428 | 12,146 |
| 4 | OS | OBC-NCL(PwD) | Gender-Neutral | 740 | 740 |
| 4 | HS | SC | Female-only | 10,161 | 10,396 |
| 4 | OS | SC | Female-only | 8,091 | 8,380 |
| 4 | HS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 5,536 | 12,516 |
| 4 | OS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 5,726 | 6,548 |
| 4 | HS | ST | Female-only | 2,767 | 2,767 |
| 4 | OS | ST | Female-only | 2,354 | 2,354 |
| 4 | HS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 1,554 | 2,568 |
| 4 | OS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 1,436 | 1,527 |
| 3 | HS | General | Female-only | 33,022 | 59,633 |
| 3 | OS | General | Female-only | 47,940 | 50,993 |
| 3 | HS | General | Gender-Neutral | 18,532 | 46,400 |
| 3 | OS | General | Gender-Neutral | 35,016 | 39,717 |
| 3 | OS | General PwD | Gender-Neutral | 1,577 | 1,577 |
| 3 | HS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 10,510 | 10,510 |
| 3 | OS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 7,917 | 7,917 |
| 3 | HS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 7,041 | 7,862 |
| 3 | OS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 5,628 | 5,880 |
| 3 | HS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 20,438 | 38,063 |
| 3 | OS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 19,374 | 20,032 |
| 3 | HS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 18,630 | 25,418 |
| 3 | OS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 11,428 | 12,146 |
| 3 | OS | OBC-NCL(PwD) | Gender-Neutral | 740 | 740 |
| 3 | HS | SC | Female-only | 10,161 | 10,396 |
| 3 | OS | SC | Female-only | 8,091 | 8,380 |
| 3 | HS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 5,536 | 12,516 |
| 3 | OS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 5,726 | 6,548 |
| 3 | HS | ST | Female-only | 2,767 | 2,767 |
| 3 | OS | ST | Female-only | 2,354 | 2,354 |
| 3 | HS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 1,554 | 2,568 |
| 3 | OS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 1,436 | 1,527 |
| 2 | HS | General | Female-only | 33,022 | 59,633 |
| 2 | OS | General | Female-only | 47,332 | 49,430 |
| 2 | HS | General | Gender-Neutral | 18,532 | 46,111 |
| 2 | OS | General | Gender-Neutral | 30,390 | 39,260 |
| 2 | OS | General PwD | Gender-Neutral | 1,577 | 1,577 |
| 2 | HS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 10,510 | 10,510 |
| 2 | OS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 6,910 | 6,910 |
| 2 | HS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 7,041 | 7,862 |
| 2 | OS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 5,549 | 5,827 |
| 2 | HS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 20,438 | 37,904 |
| 2 | OS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 15,499 | 19,920 |
| 2 | HS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 18,630 | 23,222 |
| 2 | OS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 11,428 | 12,136 |
| 2 | OS | OBC-NCL(PwD) | Gender-Neutral | 740 | 740 |
| 2 | HS | SC | Female-only | 10,161 | 10,396 |
| 2 | OS | SC | Female-only | 8,091 | 8,380 |
| 2 | HS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 5,536 | 12,469 |
| 2 | OS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 5,179 | 6,398 |
| 2 | HS | ST | Female-only | 2,767 | 2,767 |
| 2 | OS | ST | Female-only | 2,354 | 2,354 |
| 2 | HS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 1,554 | 2,568 |
| 2 | OS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 1,436 | 1,527 |
| 1 | HS | General | Female-only | 33,022 | 53,037 |
| 1 | OS | General | Female-only | 41,343 | 47,332 |
| 1 | HS | General | Gender-Neutral | 18,532 | 42,193 |
| 1 | OS | General | Gender-Neutral | 21,958 | 36,274 |
| 1 | OS | General PwD | Gender-Neutral | 1,526 | 1,526 |
| 1 | HS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 9,162 | 9,162 |
| 1 | OS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 6,910 | 6,910 |
| 1 | HS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 6,375 | 7,088 |
| 1 | OS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 5,132 | 5,392 |
| 1 | HS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 20,438 | 37,234 |
| 1 | OS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 15,364 | 17,522 |
| 1 | HS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 13,346 | 19,507 |
| 1 | OS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 10,506 | 11,615 |
| 1 | OS | OBC-NCL(PwD) | Gender-Neutral | 659 | 659 |
| 1 | HS | SC | Female-only | 10,161 | 10,396 |
| 1 | OS | SC | Female-only | 7,499 | 7,794 |
| 1 | HS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 5,321 | 9,326 |
| 1 | OS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 5,078 | 5,813 |
| 1 | HS | ST | Female-only | 2,767 | 2,767 |
| 1 | OS | ST | Female-only | 2,345 | 2,345 |
| 1 | HS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 1,554 | 2,440 |
| 1 | OS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 1,061 | 1,437 |
| 1 | OS | ST PwD | Gender-Neutral | 46 | 46 |
JoSAA 2024
| Round | Quota | Category | Seat pool | Opening rank | Closing rank |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 | HS | General | Female-only | 36,264 | 55,500 |
| 5 | OS | General | Female-only | 44,649 | 46,667 |
| 5 | HS | General | Gender-Neutral | 17,078 | 44,474 |
| 5 | OS | General | Gender-Neutral | 33,336 | 42,166 |
| 5 | OS | General PwD | Female-only | 1,756 | 1,756 |
| 5 | HS | General PwD | Gender-Neutral | 1,306 | 1,306 |
| 5 | OS | General PwD | Gender-Neutral | 1,381 | 1,381 |
| 5 | HS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 9,595 | 9,595 |
| 5 | OS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 7,622 | 7,622 |
| 5 | HS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 7,173 | 7,419 |
| 5 | OS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 6,989 | 7,092 |
| 5 | OS | GEN-EWS(PwD) | Gender-Neutral | 496 | 496 |
| 5 | HS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 26,927 | 41,049 |
| 5 | OS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 18,354 | 19,805 |
| 5 | HS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 21,192 | 28,007 |
| 5 | OS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 12,331 | 13,766 |
| 5 | HS | SC | Female-only | 13,581 | 14,789 |
| 5 | OS | SC | Female-only | 9,232 | 9,306 |
| 5 | HS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 5,845 | 12,306 |
| 5 | OS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 5,686 | 6,942 |
| 5 | HS | ST | Female-only | 2,817 | 2,817 |
| 5 | OS | ST | Female-only | 2,373 | 2,373 |
| 5 | HS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 796 | 3,005 |
| 5 | OS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 1,256 | 1,674 |
| 4 | HS | General | Female-only | 36,264 | 52,765 |
| 4 | OS | General | Female-only | 39,305 | 45,099 |
| 4 | HS | General | Gender-Neutral | 15,504 | 43,616 |
| 4 | OS | General | Gender-Neutral | 29,202 | 40,394 |
| 4 | OS | General PwD | Female-only | 1,756 | 1,756 |
| 4 | HS | General PwD | Gender-Neutral | 1,306 | 1,306 |
| 4 | OS | General PwD | Gender-Neutral | 1,381 | 1,381 |
| 4 | HS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 9,012 | 9,012 |
| 4 | OS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 7,513 | 7,513 |
| 4 | HS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 7,027 | 7,200 |
| 4 | OS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 6,515 | 6,680 |
| 4 | OS | GEN-EWS(PwD) | Gender-Neutral | 496 | 496 |
| 4 | HS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 26,927 | 41,049 |
| 4 | OS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 18,354 | 19,805 |
| 4 | HS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 20,770 | 26,446 |
| 4 | OS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 12,000 | 13,374 |
| 4 | HS | SC | Female-only | 8,762 | 13,581 |
| 4 | OS | SC | Female-only | 9,232 | 9,306 |
| 4 | HS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 5,845 | 12,306 |
| 4 | OS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 5,686 | 6,684 |
| 4 | HS | ST | Female-only | 2,817 | 2,817 |
| 4 | OS | ST | Female-only | 2,373 | 2,373 |
| 4 | HS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 796 | 3,005 |
| 4 | OS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 1,256 | 1,674 |
| 3 | HS | General | Female-only | 36,264 | 52,765 |
| 3 | OS | General | Female-only | 39,305 | 45,099 |
| 3 | HS | General | Gender-Neutral | 15,504 | 43,616 |
| 3 | OS | General | Gender-Neutral | 29,202 | 39,813 |
| 3 | OS | General PwD | Female-only | 1,756 | 1,756 |
| 3 | HS | General PwD | Gender-Neutral | 1,306 | 1,306 |
| 3 | OS | General PwD | Gender-Neutral | 1,381 | 1,381 |
| 3 | HS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 9,012 | 9,012 |
| 3 | OS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 7,513 | 7,513 |
| 3 | HS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 7,027 | 7,200 |
| 3 | OS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 6,464 | 6,609 |
| 3 | OS | GEN-EWS(PwD) | Gender-Neutral | 496 | 496 |
| 3 | HS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 26,927 | 41,049 |
| 3 | OS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 17,360 | 18,516 |
| 3 | HS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 20,770 | 26,012 |
| 3 | OS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 12,000 | 13,374 |
| 3 | HS | SC | Female-only | 8,762 | 13,581 |
| 3 | OS | SC | Female-only | 9,112 | 9,232 |
| 3 | HS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 5,845 | 12,306 |
| 3 | OS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 5,686 | 6,684 |
| 3 | HS | ST | Female-only | 2,817 | 2,817 |
| 3 | OS | ST | Female-only | 2,373 | 2,373 |
| 3 | HS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 796 | 3,005 |
| 3 | OS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 1,256 | 1,674 |
| 2 | HS | General | Female-only | 36,264 | 52,765 |
| 2 | OS | General | Female-only | 39,305 | 45,099 |
| 2 | HS | General | Gender-Neutral | 15,504 | 43,616 |
| 2 | OS | General | Gender-Neutral | 29,202 | 38,406 |
| 2 | OS | General PwD | Female-only | 1,756 | 1,756 |
| 2 | HS | General PwD | Gender-Neutral | 1,306 | 1,306 |
| 2 | OS | General PwD | Gender-Neutral | 1,381 | 1,381 |
| 2 | HS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 9,012 | 9,012 |
| 2 | OS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 7,513 | 7,513 |
| 2 | HS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 7,027 | 7,200 |
| 2 | OS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 6,175 | 6,519 |
| 2 | OS | GEN-EWS(PwD) | Gender-Neutral | 496 | 496 |
| 2 | HS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 26,927 | 39,166 |
| 2 | OS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 17,360 | 18,481 |
| 2 | HS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 19,394 | 23,394 |
| 2 | OS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 11,639 | 13,325 |
| 2 | HS | SC | Female-only | 8,762 | 13,581 |
| 2 | OS | SC | Female-only | 9,112 | 9,232 |
| 2 | HS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 5,845 | 11,004 |
| 2 | OS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 5,686 | 6,664 |
| 2 | HS | ST | Female-only | 2,817 | 2,817 |
| 2 | OS | ST | Female-only | 2,373 | 2,373 |
| 2 | HS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 796 | 3,005 |
| 2 | OS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 1,256 | 1,674 |
| 1 | HS | General | Female-only | 36,264 | 51,800 |
| 1 | OS | General | Female-only | 39,305 | 44,169 |
| 1 | HS | General | Gender-Neutral | 15,504 | 39,629 |
| 1 | OS | General | Gender-Neutral | 29,202 | 35,907 |
| 1 | OS | General PwD | Female-only | 1,756 | 1,756 |
| 1 | HS | General PwD | Gender-Neutral | 1,115 | 1,115 |
| 1 | OS | General PwD | Gender-Neutral | 1,381 | 1,381 |
| 1 | HS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 9,012 | 9,012 |
| 1 | OS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 7,180 | 7,180 |
| 1 | HS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 6,411 | 7,002 |
| 1 | OS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 5,869 | 6,135 |
| 1 | OS | GEN-EWS(PwD) | Gender-Neutral | 289 | 289 |
| 1 | HS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 20,155 | 29,647 |
| 1 | OS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 14,902 | 17,360 |
| 1 | HS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 18,087 | 21,844 |
| 1 | OS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 10,324 | 11,639 |
| 1 | HS | OBC-NCL(PwD) | Gender-Neutral | 516 | 516 |
| 1 | HS | SC | Female-only | 8,762 | 11,715 |
| 1 | OS | SC | Female-only | 8,048 | 8,327 |
| 1 | HS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 5,845 | 9,765 |
| 1 | OS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 4,586 | 5,927 |
| 1 | HS | ST | Female-only | 2,817 | 2,817 |
| 1 | OS | ST | Female-only | 2,373 | 2,373 |
| 1 | HS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 796 | 2,064 |
| 1 | OS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 1,256 | 1,674 |
JoSAA 2023
| Round | Quota | Category | Seat pool | Opening rank | Closing rank |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 | HS | General | Female-only | 43,331 | 85,130 |
| 6 | OS | General | Female-only | 45,717 | 49,981 |
| 6 | HS | General | Gender-Neutral | 18,380 | 55,028 |
| 6 | OS | General | Gender-Neutral | 34,479 | 43,794 |
| 6 | OS | General PwD | Female-only | 1,995 | 1,995 |
| 6 | OS | General PwD | Gender-Neutral | 2,222 | 2,222 |
| 6 | HS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 23,891 | 23,891 |
| 6 | OS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 8,666 | 8,666 |
| 6 | HS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 9,211 | 11,044 |
| 6 | OS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 6,988 | 7,033 |
| 6 | HS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 36,943 | 63,847 |
| 6 | OS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 18,664 | 19,291 |
| 6 | HS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 18,561 | 54,792 |
| 6 | OS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 12,856 | 14,174 |
| 6 | OS | OBC-NCL(PwD) | Gender-Neutral | 943 | 943 |
| 6 | HS | SC | Female-only | 20,002 | 22,401 |
| 6 | OS | SC | Female-only | 8,919 | 9,116 |
| 6 | HS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 4,504 | 19,361 |
| 6 | OS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 4,775 | 6,732 |
| 6 | HS | ST | Female-only | 2,061 | 2,061 |
| 6 | OS | ST | Female-only | 2,513 | 2,513 |
| 6 | HS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 609 | 2,561 |
| 6 | OS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 991 | 1,811 |
| 5 | HS | General | Female-only | 43,331 | 85,130 |
| 5 | OS | General | Female-only | 44,052 | 46,115 |
| 5 | HS | General | Gender-Neutral | 18,380 | 52,710 |
| 5 | OS | General | Gender-Neutral | 34,479 | 41,281 |
| 5 | OS | General PwD | Female-only | 1,995 | 1,995 |
| 5 | OS | General PwD | Gender-Neutral | 2,222 | 2,222 |
| 5 | HS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 23,891 | 23,891 |
| 5 | OS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 7,707 | 7,707 |
| 5 | HS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 8,786 | 9,579 |
| 5 | OS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 6,557 | 6,862 |
| 5 | HS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 36,943 | 63,847 |
| 5 | OS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 18,664 | 19,054 |
| 5 | HS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 18,561 | 43,529 |
| 5 | OS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 12,079 | 13,585 |
| 5 | OS | OBC-NCL(PwD) | Gender-Neutral | 943 | 943 |
| 5 | HS | SC | Female-only | 20,002 | 21,896 |
| 5 | OS | SC | Female-only | 7,820 | 8,919 |
| 5 | HS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 4,504 | 18,539 |
| 5 | OS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 4,775 | 6,581 |
| 5 | HS | ST | Female-only | 2,061 | 2,061 |
| 5 | OS | ST | Female-only | 2,513 | 2,513 |
| 5 | HS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 609 | 2,561 |
| 5 | OS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 991 | 1,811 |
| 4 | HS | General | Female-only | 43,331 | 77,661 |
| 4 | OS | General | Female-only | 44,052 | 46,115 |
| 4 | HS | General | Gender-Neutral | 18,380 | 52,281 |
| 4 | OS | General | Gender-Neutral | 34,479 | 40,984 |
| 4 | OS | General PwD | Female-only | 1,995 | 1,995 |
| 4 | OS | General PwD | Gender-Neutral | 2,222 | 2,222 |
| 4 | HS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 23,891 | 23,891 |
| 4 | OS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 7,707 | 7,707 |
| 4 | HS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 8,786 | 9,211 |
| 4 | OS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 6,557 | 6,812 |
| 4 | HS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 25,155 | 59,542 |
| 4 | OS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 18,664 | 19,054 |
| 4 | HS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 18,561 | 39,778 |
| 4 | OS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 12,079 | 13,526 |
| 4 | OS | OBC-NCL(PwD) | Gender-Neutral | 943 | 943 |
| 4 | HS | SC | Female-only | 19,674 | 20,002 |
| 4 | OS | SC | Female-only | 7,820 | 8,919 |
| 4 | HS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 4,504 | 17,586 |
| 4 | OS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 4,775 | 6,581 |
| 4 | HS | ST | Female-only | 2,061 | 2,061 |
| 4 | OS | ST | Female-only | 2,513 | 2,513 |
| 4 | HS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 609 | 2,260 |
| 4 | OS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 991 | 1,811 |
| 3 | HS | General | Female-only | 43,331 | 64,232 |
| 3 | OS | General | Female-only | 44,052 | 46,115 |
| 3 | HS | General | Gender-Neutral | 18,380 | 51,076 |
| 3 | OS | General | Gender-Neutral | 34,479 | 40,772 |
| 3 | OS | General PwD | Female-only | 1,995 | 1,995 |
| 3 | OS | General PwD | Gender-Neutral | 2,222 | 2,222 |
| 3 | HS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 18,353 | 18,353 |
| 3 | OS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 7,707 | 7,707 |
| 3 | HS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 8,327 | 8,786 |
| 3 | OS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 6,462 | 6,634 |
| 3 | HS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 25,155 | 45,972 |
| 3 | OS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 17,645 | 19,010 |
| 3 | HS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 14,918 | 35,744 |
| 3 | OS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 12,079 | 13,526 |
| 3 | OS | OBC-NCL(PwD) | Gender-Neutral | 943 | 943 |
| 3 | HS | SC | Female-only | 15,599 | 16,614 |
| 3 | OS | SC | Female-only | 7,820 | 8,919 |
| 3 | HS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 4,504 | 15,984 |
| 3 | OS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 4,775 | 6,581 |
| 3 | HS | ST | Female-only | 676 | 676 |
| 3 | OS | ST | Female-only | 2,513 | 2,513 |
| 3 | HS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 609 | 2,061 |
| 3 | OS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 991 | 1,811 |
| 2 | HS | General | Female-only | 43,331 | 63,149 |
| 2 | OS | General | Female-only | 43,061 | 45,565 |
| 2 | HS | General | Gender-Neutral | 18,380 | 47,429 |
| 2 | OS | General | Gender-Neutral | 34,479 | 39,876 |
| 2 | OS | General PwD | Female-only | 1,995 | 1,995 |
| 2 | OS | General PwD | Gender-Neutral | 2,222 | 2,222 |
| 2 | HS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 18,170 | 18,170 |
| 2 | OS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 7,350 | 7,350 |
| 2 | HS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 7,644 | 8,048 |
| 2 | OS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 6,319 | 6,517 |
| 2 | HS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 25,155 | 41,256 |
| 2 | OS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 17,594 | 18,414 |
| 2 | HS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 14,918 | 30,421 |
| 2 | OS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 12,045 | 13,041 |
| 2 | OS | OBC-NCL(PwD) | Gender-Neutral | 943 | 943 |
| 2 | HS | SC | Female-only | 11,280 | 14,438 |
| 2 | OS | SC | Female-only | 7,820 | 8,919 |
| 2 | HS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 4,504 | 11,798 |
| 2 | OS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 4,775 | 6,406 |
| 2 | HS | ST | Female-only | 676 | 676 |
| 2 | OS | ST | Female-only | 2,513 | 2,513 |
| 2 | HS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 609 | 2,061 |
| 2 | OS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 991 | 1,671 |
| 1 | HS | General | Female-Only | 43,331 | 52,123 |
| 1 | OS | General | Female-Only | 38,848 | 41,748 |
| 1 | HS | General | Gender-Neutral | 18,380 | 42,920 |
| 1 | OS | General | Gender-Neutral | 27,554 | 35,987 |
| 1 | OS | General PwD | Female-Only | 1,995 | 1,995 |
| 1 | HS | General PwD | Gender-Neutral | 967 | 967 |
| 1 | OS | General PwD | Gender-Neutral | 1,659 | 1,659 |
| 1 | HS | GEN-EWS | Female-Only | 10,401 | 10,401 |
| 1 | OS | GEN-EWS | Female-Only | 6,967 | 6,967 |
| 1 | HS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 6,846 | 7,160 |
| 1 | OS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 5,699 | 5,812 |
| 1 | OS | GEN-EWS(PwD) | Gender-Neutral | 259 | 259 |
| 1 | HS | OBC-NCL | Female-Only | 25,155 | 40,275 |
| 1 | OS | OBC-NCL | Female-Only | 14,418 | 16,188 |
| 1 | HS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 13,554 | 20,207 |
| 1 | OS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 10,008 | 11,594 |
| 1 | HS | OBC-NCL(PwD) | Gender-Neutral | 947 | 947 |
| 1 | OS | OBC-NCL(PwD) | Gender-Neutral | 796 | 796 |
| 1 | HS | SC | Female-Only | 10,756 | 11,067 |
| 1 | OS | SC | Female-Only | 6,959 | 7,550 |
| 1 | HS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 4,504 | 9,701 |
| 1 | OS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 4,443 | 5,426 |
| 1 | HS | ST | Female-Only | 676 | 676 |
| 1 | OS | ST | Female-Only | 2,154 | 2,154 |
| 1 | HS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 609 | 1,552 |
| 1 | OS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 991 | 1,323 |
JoSAA 2022
| Round | Quota | Category | Seat pool | Opening rank | Closing rank |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 | HS | General | Female-only | 59,231 | 63,636 |
| 6 | OS | General | Female-only | 45,202 | 49,328 |
| 6 | HS | General | Gender-Neutral | 39,518 | 56,756 |
| 6 | OS | General | Gender-Neutral | 33,121 | 41,528 |
| 6 | OS | General PwD | Gender-Neutral | 1,767 | 1,767 |
| 6 | HS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 22,518 | 22,518 |
| 6 | OS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 7,951 | 7,951 |
| 6 | HS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 8,804 | 9,800 |
| 6 | OS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 6,075 | 6,236 |
| 6 | OS | GEN-EWS(PwD) | Gender-Neutral | 244 | 244 |
| 6 | HS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 28,528 | 57,022 |
| 6 | OS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 17,313 | 18,301 |
| 6 | HS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 19,451 | 26,299 |
| 6 | OS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 11,528 | 12,473 |
| 6 | OS | OBC-NCL(PwD) | Gender-Neutral | 864 | 864 |
| 6 | HS | SC | Female-only | 17,462 | 17,462 |
| 6 | OS | SC | Female-only | 7,339 | 7,777 |
| 6 | HS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 9,847 | 23,054 |
| 6 | OS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 2,139 | 5,671 |
| 6 | HS | ST | Female-only | 3,947 | 3,947 |
| 6 | OS | ST | Female-only | 1,560 | 1,560 |
| 6 | HS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 1,555 | 2,475 |
| 6 | OS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 1,114 | 1,424 |
| 5 | HS | General | Female-only | 53,069 | 62,526 |
| 5 | OS | General | Female-only | 45,202 | 48,372 |
| 5 | HS | General | Gender-Neutral | 25,748 | 53,973 |
| 5 | OS | General | Gender-Neutral | 33,121 | 39,781 |
| 5 | OS | General PwD | Gender-Neutral | 1,767 | 1,767 |
| 5 | HS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 21,503 | 21,503 |
| 5 | OS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 7,322 | 7,322 |
| 5 | HS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 8,001 | 8,642 |
| 5 | OS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 5,867 | 5,931 |
| 5 | OS | GEN-EWS(PwD) | Gender-Neutral | 244 | 244 |
| 5 | HS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 28,528 | 57,022 |
| 5 | OS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 17,091 | 17,994 |
| 5 | HS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 17,949 | 24,522 |
| 5 | OS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 10,963 | 12,200 |
| 5 | OS | OBC-NCL(PwD) | Gender-Neutral | 864 | 864 |
| 5 | HS | SC | Female-only | 17,462 | 17,462 |
| 5 | OS | SC | Female-only | 7,339 | 7,777 |
| 5 | HS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 9,847 | 22,845 |
| 5 | OS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 2,139 | 5,647 |
| 5 | HS | ST | Female-only | 3,947 | 3,947 |
| 5 | OS | ST | Female-only | 1,560 | 1,560 |
| 5 | HS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 1,555 | 2,475 |
| 5 | OS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 1,114 | 1,424 |
| 4 | HS | General | Female-only | 53,069 | 61,537 |
| 4 | OS | General | Female-only | 45,202 | 48,372 |
| 4 | HS | General | Gender-Neutral | 25,748 | 53,318 |
| 4 | OS | General | Gender-Neutral | 30,382 | 38,128 |
| 4 | OS | General PwD | Gender-Neutral | 1,767 | 1,767 |
| 4 | HS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 20,191 | 20,191 |
| 4 | OS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 7,322 | 7,322 |
| 4 | HS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 8,001 | 8,529 |
| 4 | OS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 5,551 | 5,867 |
| 4 | OS | GEN-EWS(PwD) | Gender-Neutral | 244 | 244 |
| 4 | HS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 28,528 | 57,022 |
| 4 | OS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 17,091 | 17,994 |
| 4 | HS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 17,949 | 24,336 |
| 4 | OS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 10,574 | 12,007 |
| 4 | OS | OBC-NCL(PwD) | Gender-Neutral | 864 | 864 |
| 4 | HS | SC | Female-only | 17,462 | 17,462 |
| 4 | OS | SC | Female-only | 7,339 | 7,777 |
| 4 | HS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 9,847 | 19,546 |
| 4 | OS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 2,139 | 5,647 |
| 4 | HS | ST | Female-only | 3,947 | 3,947 |
| 4 | OS | ST | Female-only | 1,560 | 1,560 |
| 4 | HS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 1,555 | 2,475 |
| 4 | OS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 1,114 | 1,387 |
| 3 | HS | General | Female-only | 53,069 | 59,231 |
| 3 | OS | General | Female-only | 45,202 | 48,372 |
| 3 | HS | General | Gender-Neutral | 25,748 | 50,375 |
| 3 | OS | General | Gender-Neutral | 30,382 | 37,819 |
| 3 | OS | General PwD | Gender-Neutral | 1,767 | 1,767 |
| 3 | HS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 19,361 | 19,361 |
| 3 | OS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 7,322 | 7,322 |
| 3 | HS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 7,424 | 8,061 |
| 3 | OS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 5,551 | 5,867 |
| 3 | OS | GEN-EWS(PwD) | Gender-Neutral | 244 | 244 |
| 3 | HS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 28,528 | 54,047 |
| 3 | OS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 17,091 | 17,994 |
| 3 | HS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 17,949 | 23,773 |
| 3 | OS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 10,574 | 11,825 |
| 3 | OS | OBC-NCL(PwD) | Gender-Neutral | 864 | 864 |
| 3 | HS | SC | Female-only | 17,462 | 17,462 |
| 3 | OS | SC | Female-only | 7,339 | 7,777 |
| 3 | HS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 7,332 | 16,007 |
| 3 | OS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 2,139 | 5,647 |
| 3 | HS | ST | Female-only | 3,947 | 3,947 |
| 3 | OS | ST | Female-only | 1,560 | 1,560 |
| 3 | HS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 1,555 | 2,475 |
| 3 | OS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 1,114 | 1,369 |
| 2 | HS | General | Female-only | 41,654 | 56,840 |
| 2 | OS | General | Female-only | 44,602 | 46,970 |
| 2 | HS | General | Gender-Neutral | 25,748 | 46,520 |
| 2 | OS | General | Gender-Neutral | 30,382 | 36,887 |
| 2 | OS | General PwD | Gender-Neutral | 1,767 | 1,767 |
| 2 | HS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 18,999 | 18,999 |
| 2 | OS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 7,322 | 7,322 |
| 2 | HS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 6,822 | 7,376 |
| 2 | OS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 5,311 | 5,367 |
| 2 | OS | GEN-EWS(PwD) | Gender-Neutral | 244 | 244 |
| 2 | HS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 28,528 | 48,862 |
| 2 | OS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 16,560 | 17,313 |
| 2 | HS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 13,500 | 21,530 |
| 2 | OS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 10,574 | 11,740 |
| 2 | OS | OBC-NCL(PwD) | Gender-Neutral | 864 | 864 |
| 2 | HS | SC | Female-only | 17,462 | 17,462 |
| 2 | OS | SC | Female-only | 7,339 | 7,777 |
| 2 | HS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 7,112 | 14,640 |
| 2 | OS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 2,139 | 5,517 |
| 2 | HS | ST | Female-only | 3,947 | 3,947 |
| 2 | OS | ST | Female-only | 1,560 | 1,560 |
| 2 | HS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 1,555 | 2,392 |
| 2 | OS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 1,114 | 1,369 |
| 1 | HS | General | Female-only | 41,654 | 49,671 |
| 1 | OS | General | Female-only | 36,871 | 41,316 |
| 1 | HS | General | Gender-Neutral | 25,748 | 39,868 |
| 1 | OS | General | Gender-Neutral | 27,614 | 34,264 |
| 1 | OS | General PwD | Gender-Neutral | 1,067 | 1,067 |
| 1 | HS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 14,994 | 14,994 |
| 1 | OS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 6,568 | 6,568 |
| 1 | HS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 5,776 | 6,470 |
| 1 | OS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 4,932 | 5,001 |
| 1 | OS | GEN-EWS(PwD) | Gender-Neutral | 222 | 222 |
| 1 | HS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 28,528 | 45,035 |
| 1 | OS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 14,914 | 15,520 |
| 1 | HS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 11,411 | 19,902 |
| 1 | OS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 9,421 | 10,442 |
| 1 | OS | OBC-NCL(PwD) | Gender-Neutral | 505 | 505 |
| 1 | HS | SC | Female-only | 2,748 | 2,748 |
| 1 | OS | SC | Female-only | 7,135 | 7,339 |
| 1 | HS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 6,662 | 10,980 |
| 1 | OS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 2,139 | 5,174 |
| 1 | HS | ST | Female-only | 2,683 | 2,683 |
| 1 | OS | ST | Female-only | 1,560 | 1,560 |
| 1 | HS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 1,555 | 2,057 |
| 1 | OS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 1,081 | 1,283 |
Latest seat matrix (2026)
| Quota | Category | Seat pool | Seats |
|---|---|---|---|
| HS | General | Female-only | 5 |
| OS | General | Female-only | 6 |
| HS | General | Gender-Neutral | 20 |
| OS | General | Gender-Neutral | 20 |
| HS | General PwD | Gender-Neutral | 1 |
| OS | General PwD | Gender-Neutral | 1 |
| HS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 1 |
| OS | GEN-EWS | Female-only | 1 |
| HS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 5 |
| OS | GEN-EWS | Gender-Neutral | 5 |
| OS | GEN-EWS(PwD) | Gender-Neutral | 1 |
| HS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 4 |
| OS | OBC-NCL | Female-only | 3 |
| HS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 13 |
| OS | OBC-NCL | Gender-Neutral | 13 |
| HS | OBC-NCL(PwD) | Gender-Neutral | 1 |
| OS | OBC-NCL(PwD) | Gender-Neutral | 1 |
| HS | SC | Female-only | 2 |
| OS | SC | Female-only | 2 |
| HS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 7 |
| OS | SC | Gender-Neutral | 7 |
| HS | SC PwD | Gender-Neutral | 1 |
| HS | ST | Female-only | 1 |
| OS | ST | Female-only | 1 |
| HS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 3 |
| OS | ST | Gender-Neutral | 4 |
| HS | ST PwD | Gender-Neutral | 1 |
Using this data
- For your rank's full shortlist across JoSAA, use the College & Branch Predictor.
- To compare Civil Engineering at other institutes, see Civil Engineering.
- To see every branch offered at Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, go to Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat.
- To understand the columns above, read the opening & closing ranks guide.
Frequently asked questions
What was the Civil Engineering closing rank at Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat?
In JoSAA 2026, Round 1, Open category, Gender-Neutral seat pool, the closing rank for Civil Engineering at Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat was 37,819 and the opening rank was 32,465. Older and category-specific cutoffs are in the table on this page.
Which JoSAA years are covered on this page?
The cutoffs table below includes 5 years of data: 2026, 2025, 2024, 2023, 2022. For full methodology, read the opening and closing ranks guide.
How do home state and other state quotas work at this institute?
NITs split each branch's seats between Home State (HS) and Other State (OS) quotas. You'll see separate cutoffs for each in the table below. Home state is determined by the board that issued your class-12 certificate.
Will my JEE rank qualify for Civil Engineering at Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat?
Compare your rank against the closing ranks below from the most recent two to three years. Closing ranks can drift 5–10% year-over-year — if you are within the last year's closing rank, you have a reasonable chance. Use the RankMatrix College & Branch Predictor for a rank-based shortlist across all JoSAA colleges.
Data on this page is sourced from public JoSAA publications and cleaned for easier reference. RankMatrix is an independent project and is not affiliated with JoSAA, JEE, NTA, the IITs, NITs, IIITs, or GFTIs. Verify all schedules, rules, and cutoffs on the official JoSAA website before making admission decisions.